A example of MD simulation

This is a homework of computational nanomechanics. The basic requirement is to use the Lagrangian function to describe the motion of particles. In homework, it requires 5 particles. As an enhancement, I rewrote the code with Qt and use GNU Scientific Library(GSL) to finish the task.

Concept

The Lagrangian equation of motion describe the particle motion with energy method, the equation is:

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}_k}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_k}=0$$

$L$ is the Lagrangian function of the system, $k$ denotes the degree of freedom.

$$\displaystyle L = T – U$$

$T$ is the kinetic energy and $U$ is the potential energy.

Since the derivative of $U$ with respect to $x$ is the force

$$\displaystyle f = -\frac{dU(r)}{dr}$$

the Lagrangian equation of motion uses another way to illustrate Newton’s second law.

Single particle example

For a single particle in a chamber, two degree of freedom $x_1 = x, x_2 = y$, the kinetic energy is:

$$\displaystyle T =\sum \frac{1}{2} m \left({\dot{x}}^2 + {\dot{y}}^2\right)$$

$k$ is the degree of freedom. $m$ denotes the mass of the particle.

The potential energy of the particle in a chamber is expressed as:

$$\displaystyle U = \alpha e^{- \beta(R-r)}$$

Here the exponent function is used to describe the repulsion from the chamber wall. when the distance $latex R-r$ close to zero, the repulsion potential will be much large and prevent the particle penetrating the chamber wall. The Lagrangian function and equations are:

$$\displaystyle L = \frac{m}{2} (\dot{x}^2+\dot{y}^2)-\alpha e^{-\beta (R-\sqrt{x^2+y^2})}$$

and for each degree of freedom:

$$\displaystyle \left\{\begin{matrix} m \ddot{x}(t) = -\alpha \beta e^{-\beta (R-\sqrt{x^2+y^2})} x(t) / \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\ m \ddot{y}(t) = -\alpha \beta e^{-\beta (R-\sqrt{x^2+y^2})} y(t) / \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \end{matrix}\right.$$

For this example, we take the following parameters:

$$\displaystyle \alpha = 10^{-27}, \beta = 4nm^-1, R = 10nm, m = 10^{-9}kg$$

The initial conditions are:

$$\displaystyle x(0) = -3nm, \dot{x}(0) = 10nm/s, y(0) = 5nm, \dot{y}(0) = 20nm/s$$

Using Mathematica (FF01Y5.nb) to plot the trajectory or use this script (YR29Q8.nb) to plot the animation:

Lennard-Jones potential function

Lennard-Jones potential function is almost the world-famous potential function in nano mechanics. It describes the interaction between atoms. The function was proposed through quantum perturbation theory in which the attraction should follow a $latex r^{6}$ relation. It combines the attraction and repulsion together.

$$\displaystyle U(r_{ij})=4 \varepsilon \left[ \left(\frac{\sigma}{r_{ij}} \right)^{12} – \left( \frac{\sigma}{r_{ij}}\right)^{6} \right]$$

where: $\varepsilon$ denotes the depth of the energy well, and $\sigma$ denotes the equilibrium spacing of atoms.

Take $\sigma = 3, \varepsilon = 0.2$, the result is shown below:

As mentioned before, the derivative of $U$ with respect to $latex r$ is the force. The force from Lennard-Jones interaction is simply get the derivative of $U$:

$$\displaystyle F=-U^{\prime}(r_{ij}) = -4 \varepsilon \left(\frac{6 \sigma ^6}{r^7}-\frac{12 \sigma ^{12}}{r^{13}}\right)$$

The equilibrium distance between two atoms is the position $F=0$.

$$\displaystyle \sigma \sqrt[6]{2} = r_0$$

$$\displaystyle r_0 = 1.225 \sigma$$

Two particles example

If two particles are put into the chamber, Lennard-Jones potential should be considered in the calculation. Here, I try to use GNU Scientific Library(GSL) to solve the problem in three dimensions.

The Explicit 4th order (classical) Runge-Kutta(RK4) method is chosen for this problem. Two particles are denoted as $i$ and $j$ respectively. The Lagrangian function is ($k$ denotes the degree of  freedom):

$$\displaystyle L=T-U$$

$$\displaystyle T = \sum \frac{1}{2}m_i (\dot{x}_{ik}^2)+\sum \frac{1}{2}m_j (\dot{x}_{jk}^2)$$

$$\displaystyle U = E_{pi} + E_{pj} + W_{LJ}$$

$E_{pi}$ and $E_{pj}$ denotes the repulsive potential from the chamber wall, the equations of them are similar to Single particle example. Here, I just analyze the Lanner-Jones potential:

$$\displaystyle W_{LJ-ijk} = 4 \varepsilon \left[ \frac{\sigma ^ {12}}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^6} – \frac{\sigma ^ 6}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^3} \right]$$

For the derivative $W_{LJ-ijk}$  with respect to $x_{ik}$ and $x_{jk}$:

$$\displaystyle \frac{\partial W_{LJ-ijk}}{\partial x_{ik}} = 4 \varepsilon \left[ \frac{6 (x_{ik}-x_{jk})\sigma ^ {6}}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^4} – \frac{12 (x_{ik}-x_{jk}) \sigma ^ {12}}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^7} \right]$$

$$\displaystyle \frac{\partial W_{LJ-ijk}}{\partial x_{jk}} = 4 \varepsilon \left[ -\frac{6 (x_{ik}-x_{jk})\sigma ^ {6}}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^4} + \frac{12 (x_{ik}-x_{jk}) \sigma ^ {12}}{\left(\sum_{k=1}^3 \left( x_{ik} – x_{jk}\right)^2 \right)^7} \right]$$

With these two equations, we can simply calculate the motion of these two particles: